Effect of nano-fillers on conductivity of polyethylene/low melting point metal alloy composites

A novel method for preparing conductive polyethylene(PE) composites has been developed. In the method, the powder of low melting point metal alloy(LMPA) is filled into the PE matrix by using twin screw extruder at a temperature below the melting point of the LMPA, and followed by a die drawing process at a temperature around the melting point of the metal alloy. It has been found that die drawing process, repeating the die drawing process and adding nano-fillers, such as montmorillonite(MMT) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs), all help reduce the metal particle size in the PE matrix, thus improve the conductivity of the composite. The conductivity improvement is attributed to an increased number of the smaller metal particles. Therefore, conductive composites of polymer/metal alloy/nano-filler with high conductivity are possible to be prepared by using the new method.     

利用改进的胶束电动毛细管色谱法和液相色谱法测定6类重点食品中的脱氢乙酸

改进了实验室建立的测定脱氢乙酸的胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)和国标的液相色谱(LC)的分离及样品前处理方法. 改进后的两种方法均能准确测定6类重点食品中的脱氢乙酸,为重新评估脱氢乙酸的风险、修订或制定其在不同食品中的限量标准提供依据. 改进后的MEKC和LC方法的检出限及定量限分别为0.2、0.5 mg/L和0.05、0.2 mg/L. 6类重点食品空白基质的加标回收率均在81.9%~116.0%之间,相对标准偏差在0.4%~7.3%之间. 测定了284件食品样品,结果均无超标. 使用改进的两种方法同时测定了45件样品,对其中20件阳性样品的结果进行了比较,结果吻合. 改进后的MEKC及LC方法样品前处理简单,非常适合大量样品检测.     

井下巷道围岩变形的散斑分析法

通过对散斑计量法原理分析、数学描述及观测实例的论述，证明激光散斑法是研究煤矿地下结构物相似模型变形状态的一种新的无损检测技术，若采用白光作为光源，该项技术可用于二维变形场的实地测试。     

CCQM-K74国际比对中二氧化氮浓度的测量

介绍了国际比对样品中10μmol/mol NO2气体浓度精确分析方法的建立过程。该方法的建立包括标准物质的制备、分析仪器的选择和测量结果的不确定度3个主要的方面。标准物质的制备及其量值的不确定度评价采用了气体标准物质定值的基准方法——称量法。对傅立叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)和化学发光光谱法进行了比较研究。确定了更适合于本次国际比对样品的分析方法为化学发光光谱法,测量结果的相对扩展不确定度为1.0%(k=2)。本次比对的最终结果报告显示,所建立的分析方法准确可靠。     

Getting to the bottom morphology of block copolymer thin films

We demonstrate a general approach for attaining the bottom morphology of block copolymer(BCP) thin films. In our former measurements on PS-b-PMMA films, surface morphology maps of the BCP films revealed distinct ordering regimes where the cylinders orient predominantly perpendicular or parallel to the interface and an ‘intermediate' regime where these morphologies coexist. However, this earlier work did not explore the bottom morphology of BCP thin films. In this study, we investigated the block copolymer morphology near the solid substrate in the cast block copolymer film having a perpendicular cylinder morphology on the surface.     

Blocking the defect sites on ultrathin Pt nanowires with Rh atoms to optimize the reaction path toward alcohol fuel oxidation

Anodic electrocatalyst plays the core role in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), while traditional Pt-catalysts suffer from limited catalytic activity, high over potential and severe CO poisoning. Herein, by selectively depositing Rh atoms on the defective-sites of Pt nanowires (NWs), we developed a new Pt@Rh NW electrocatalyst that exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic performance for both methanol oxidation (MOR) and ethanol oxidation (EOR). Both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in-situ infrared spectroscopy revealed that the presence of Rh atoms suppressed the generation of poisonous intermediates and completely oxidized alcohols molecule into CO₂. Atomic resolusion spherical aberration corrected high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (CS-HAADF-STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping analysis revealed that Rh atoms were primarily deposited on the defective sites of Pt NWs. Meanwhile, the presence of Rh atoms also modified the electronic state of Pt atoms and therefore lowered the onset potential for alcohols oxidation potential. This work gives the first clear clue on the role of the defective sites of Pt nanocatalyst poisoning, and propose that selectively blocking these sites with trace amount of Rh is an effective strategy in designing advantageous electrocatalysts.     

A novel method for making ultra-fine metal fibers and particles

A novel method based on plastic processing and equipment for preparing ultra-fine metal fibers and particles is reported. With this new method, metal fibers and particles can both be produced on the same equipment and the surfaces of the fibers and particles can be protected from oxidation by the polymers or solvents during the preparation process. Metal-alloy powders with lower melt point were filled into polymer by an extruder, followed by a die-drawing process at a temperature lower than the melt temperature of the metal alloy. Metal fibers or particles were obtained after the polymer matrix was washed away. Metal alloy fibers can be obtained when a polymer that strongly interacts with metal alloy, such as a special polyvinyl alcohol with a low alcoholysis degree, is used as the polymer matrix. Metal-alloy particles can be obtained when a polymer with weak interaction with metal alloy, such as polyethylene (PE), is used as the polymer matrix. Based on the principle of this new method, it is possible to produce finer or even nano-sized metal fibers and particles with higher melting points.     

Comparison of the implementation of three common types of coupled CFD-DEM model for simulating soil surface erosion

Soil erosion is a common process studied by soil science, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, coastal engineering, and many other fields. In the areas of hydraulic engineering, the geotechnics of soil erosion remains a high priority topic as the bridge scour is a common cause of bridge failures. Accurate predictions of scour depth and soil erosion rate remain challenging, due to the limitations of existing scaled experimental approach in fulfilling the hydrological and hydrodynamic similarity requirements. Computational model offers a promising alternative to further the microscale understanding of soil erosion which can help to develop engineering tools in practice. Computational model that couples Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the behaviors of fluid-solid systems is promising to advance the current tools for soil erosion analyses. Different mathematical forms for laminar fluid flows exist for the coupled CFD-DEM model as documented in published literatures and implemented in commercial and open-source software; each of them is based on certain physics assumptions and corresponding mathematical treatments. There are, however, no direct comparison of the results of CFD-DEM models based on these seemingly different mathematical formulations, which would help researchers to select the proper simulation tool. This study implemented coupled CFD-DEM models based on three most common types of mathematical formats used in the previous modeling work. The results of different CFD-DEM models are firstly validated by comparing the results of simulating the free settling of a particle in fluid. A case study is then designed to compare the models in simulating the surface erosion of cohesionless soil inside a pipe flow using laminar flow equations. Comparison indicates that for a relatively sparse particle-fluid system, the difference of the three models is negligible. For a dense particle-fluid system, simulation with the three different mathematical formats can predict different results (as large as 10% in the fluid velocity and 20% in the particle drag force for the simulation case study analyzed). The results of this case study indicate that the three CFD-DEM models achieved comparable results for simulating soil erosion from an engineering perspective, however, the differences between these models, which originate from their underlying physics assumptions, must be kept in mind in selecting an appropriate simulation model as well as in comparing the results from different models.     

高精密恒电流库仑法测定CCQM-K73国际关键比对盐酸溶液中H+含量

采用高精密恒电流库仑法测量了CCQM-K73国际比对样品盐酸溶液含量。该方法是国际上公认的基准测量方法,根据法拉第电解定律,通过质量、电阻、电动势、时间等基本物理量及法拉第常数来进行样品的测定,直接溯源到国际SI单位,不需要用标准物质进行比对。中国计量科学研究院作为国家化学计量最高溯源,参加了该项关键比对,并取得了等效一致的好成绩。     

Determination of the total purity of a high-purity silver material to be used as a primary standard for element determination

A candidate material for the use as primary standard for silver determination was characterized with respect to total purity. Except the radioactive elements and He, all possible impurities were considered. Based on glow discharge mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and carrier gas hot extraction measurements, the demonstrated total purity and its standard uncertainty is w(Ag) = (99.999 52 ± 0.000 11) %. The purity value and its uncertainty is dominated by the contributions from the measurements of the nonmetallic impurities, namely S, N, C and O.